Location: Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Ukraine

Language: Romanian, Hungarian, German

Currency: 1 leu (L) = 100 bani

Population: 22,334,312

Natural Hazards: earthquakes most severe in south and southwest; geologic structure and climate promote landslides

Import: machinery and equipment 23%, fuels and minerals
19%, chemicals 8%, foodstuffs

Export: textiles and footwear 23%, metals and metal products 18%, machinery and equipment 9%, chemicals 7%

Industries: mining, timber, construction materials, metallurgy, chemicals, machine building, food processing, petroleum production and refining

Transportation:
Railways:
total: 11,376 km
broad gauge: 60 km 1.524-m gauge
standard gauge: 10,889 km 1.435-m gauge (3,723 km electrified; 3,060 km double track)
narrow gauge: 427 km 0.760-m gauge

Highways:
total: 153,358 km
paved: 78,213 km (including 113 km of expressways)
unpaved: 75,145 km

Waterways: 1,724 km

Ports & Harbors: Braila, Constanta, Galati, Mangalia, Sulina, Tulcea

Location: Southern Europe, an enclave in central Italy

Language: Italian

Currency: 1 Italian lira (Lit) = 100 centesimi

Population: 25,061

Natural Hazards: NA

Import: wide variety of consumer manufactures, food

Export: building stone, lime, wood, chestnuts, wheat, wine,
baked goods, hides, and ceramics

Industries: tourism, textiles, electronics, ceramics, cement, wine

Transportation:
Railways: 0 km; note—there is a 1.5 km cable railway connecting the city of San
Marino to Borgo Maggiore

Highways:
total: 220 km
paved: NA km
unpaved: NA km

Ports & Harbors: none

Location: Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, between Albania and Bosnia and Herzegovina

Language: Serbo-Croatian 95%, Albanian 5%

Currency: 1 Yugoslav New Dinar (YD) = 100 paras

Population: 11,206,847 (Serbia 10,526,478; Montenegro 680,369) note: all data dealing with population is subject to considerable error because of the dislocations caused by military action and ethnic cleansing

Natural Hazards: destructive earthquakes

Import: machinery and transport equipment, fuels and
lubricants, manufactured goods, chemicals, food and live animals, raw materials

Export: manufactured goods, food and live animals, raw
materials

Industries: machine building (aircraft, trucks, and automobiles; tanks and weapons; electrical equipment; agricultural machinery); metallurgy (steel, aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, chromium, antimony, bismuth, cadmium); mining (coal, bauxite, nonferrous ore, iron ore, limestone); consumer goods (textiles, footwear, foodstuffs, appliances); electronics, petroleum products, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals

Transportation:
Railways:
total: 3,987 km
standard gauge: 3,987 km 1.435-m gauge (1,377 km artially electrified since 1992)

Highways:
total: 50,414 km
paved: 45,020 km (including 545 km of expressways)
unpaved: 5,394 km

Waterways: NA km

Ports & Harbors: Bar, Belgrade, Kotor, Novi Sad, Pancevo, Tivat, Zelenika

Location: Central Europe, south of Poland

Language: Slovak (official), Hungarian

Currency: 1 koruna (Sk) = 100 halierov

Population: 5,396,193

Natural Hazards: NA

Import: machinery and transport equipment 40%; intermediate manufactured goods 18%; fuels 11%; chemicals 11%; miscellaneous manufactured goods 10%

Export: machinery and transport equipment 37%; intermediate manufactured goods 30%, miscellaneous manufactured goods 13%; chemicals
9%; raw materials 4%

Industries: metal and metal products; food and beverages; electricity, gas, coke, oil, and nuclear fuel; chemicals and manmade fibers; machinery; paper and printing; earthenware and ceramics; transport vehicles; textiles; electrical and optical apparatus; rubber products

Transportation:
Railways:
total: 3,660 km
broad gauge: 102 km 1.520-m gauge
standard gauge: 3,507 km 1.435-m gauge (1424 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 51 km (46 km 1,000-m gauge; 5 km 0.750-m gauge)

Highways:
total: 38,000 km
paved: 37,500 km (including 280 km of expressways)
unpaved: 500 km

Waterways: 172 km on the Danube

Ports & Harbors: Bratislava, Komarno

Location: Southeastern Europe, eastern Alps bordering the Adriatic Sea, between Austria and Croatia

Language: Slovenian 91%, Serbo-Croatian 6%, other 3%

Currency: 1 tolar (SlT) = 100 stotins

Population: 1,970,570

Natural Hazards: flooding and earthquakes

Import: machinery and transport equipment 31%, manufactured goods 31%, chemicals 11%, fuels and lubricants, food

Export: manufactured goods 45%, machinery and transport equipment 30%, chemicals 10%, food 3%

Industries: ferrous metallurgy and rolling mill products, aluminum reduction and rolled products, lead and zinc smelting, electronics (including military electronics),
trucks, electric power equipment, wood products, textiles, chemicals, machine tools

Transportation:
Railways:
total: 1,201 km
standard gauge: 1,201 km 1.435-m gauge (electrified 489 km)

Highways:
total: 14,830 km
paved: 12,309 km (including 251 km of expressways)
unpaved: 2,521 km

Waterways: NA

Ports & Harbors: Izola, Koper, Piran

Location: Southwestern Europe, bordering the Bay of Biscay, Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, and Pyrenees Mountains, southwest of France

Language: Castilian Spanish 74%, Catalan 17%, Galician 7%, Basque 2%

Currency: 1 peseta (Pta) = 100 centimos

Population: 39,167,744

Natural Hazards: periodic droughts

Import: machinery, transport equipment, fuels, semifinished
goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods, chemicals

Export: cars and trucks, other machinery and manufactured
goods, foodstuffs, and other consumer goods

Industries: textiles and apparel (including footwear), food and beverages, metals and metal manufactures, chemicals, shipbuilding, automobiles, machine tools,
tourism

Transportation:
Railways:
total: 15,079 km
broad gauge: 12,781 km 1.668-m gauge (6,355 km electrified; 2,295 km double track)
standard gauge: 525 km 1.435-m gauge (480 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 1,773 km 1.000-m gauge (594 km electrified)
Highways:
total: 346,858 km
paved: 343,389 km (including 9,063 km of expressways)
unpaved: 3,469 km

Waterways: 1,045 km, but of minor economic importance

Ports & Harbors: Aviles, Barcelona, Bilbao, Cadiz, Cartagena, Castellon de la Plana, Ceuta, Huelva, La Coruna, Las Palmas (Canary Islands), Malaga, Melilla,
Pasajes, Gijon, Santa Cruz de Tenerife (Canary Islands), Santander, Tarragona, Valencia, Vigo

Location: Northern Europe, islands between the Arctic Ocean, Barents Sea, Greenland Sea, and Norwegian Sea, north of Norway

Language: Russian, Norwegian

Currency: 1 Norwegian krone (NKr) = 100 oere

Population: 2,503

Natural Hazards: ice floes often block up the entrance to Bellsund (a transit point for coal export) on the west coast and occasionally make parts of the northeastern
coast inaccessible to maritime traffic

Import: NA

Export: NA

Industries:

Transportation:
Railways: 0 km

Highways:
total: NA km
paved: NA km
unpaved: NA km

Ports & Harbors: Barentsburg, Longyearbyen, Ny-Alesund, Pyramiden

Location:Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, Kattegat,and Skagerrak, between Finland and Norway

Language: Swedish

Currency: 1 Swedish krona (SKr) = 100 oere

Population: 8,911,296

Natural Hazards: ice floes in the surrounding waters, especially in the Gulf of Bothnia, can interfere with maritime traffic

Import: machinery, petroleum and petroleum products,
chemicals, motor vehicles, foodstuffs, iron and steel, clothing

Export: machinery 35%, motor vehicles, paper products, pulp and wood, iron and steel products, chemicals
 

Industries: iron and steel, precision equipment (bearings, radio and telephone parts, armaments), wood pulp and paper products, processed foods, motor vehicles

Transportation:
Railways:
total: 13,415 km (includes 3,594 km of privately-owned railways)
standard gauge: 13,415 km 1.435-m gauge (7,917 km electrified and 1,152 km double track)

Highways:
total: 138,000 km
paved: 105,018 km (including 1,330 km of expressways)
unpaved: 32,982 km

Waterways: 2,052 km navigable for small steamers and barges

Ports & Harbors: Gavle, Goteborg, Halmstad, Helsingborg, Hudiksvall, Kalmar, Karlshamn, Malmo, Solvesborg, Stockholm, Sundsvall

Location: Central Europe, east of France, north of Italy

Language: German 63.7%, French 19.2%, Italian 7.6%, Romansch 0.6%, other 8.9%

Currency: 1 Swiss franc, franken, or franco (SFR) = 100 centimes, rappen, or centesimi

Population: 7,275,467

Natural Hazards: avalanches, landslides, flash floods

Import: machinery 22%, chemicals 16%, vehicles, metals,
agricultural products, textiles

Export: machinery 29%, chemicals 28%, metals, watches,
agricultural products

Industries: machinery, chemicals, watches, textiles, precision instruments

Transportation:
Railways:
total: 4,479 km (1,564 km double track)
standard gauge: 3,304 km 1.435-m gauge (3,288 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 1,165 km 1.000-m gauge (1,057 km electrified); 10 km 0.750-m
or 0.800-m gauge

Highways:
total: 71,048 km (including 1,613 km of expressways)
paved: NA km
unpaved: NA km

Waterways: 65 km; Rhine (Basel to Rheinfelden, Schaffhausen to Bodensee); 12 navigable lakes

Ports & Harbors: Basel