Location:Eastern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea and Gulf of Finland, between Latvia and Russia

Language: Estonian (official), Russian, Ukrainian, English, Finnish, other

Currency: 1 Estonian kroon (EEK) = 100 cents

Population: 1,408,523

Natural Hazards: flooding occurs frequently in the spring

Import: machinery and equipment 21%, transport equipment
12%, foodstuffs 10%, minerals 9%, textiles 8%, metals 8%, chemical products 8% (1997)

Export: machinery and equipment 17%, textiles 16%, food
products 8%, transport equipment 8%, mineral products 8%, chemical products 8% (1997)

Industries: oil shale, shipbuilding, phosphates, electric motors, excavators, cement, furniture, clothing, textiles, paper, shoes, apparel

Transportation:
Railways:
total: 1,018 km common carrier lines only; does not include dedicated industrial
lines
broad gauge: 1,018 km 1.520-m gauge (132 km electrified) (1995)

Highways:
total: 16,437 km
paved: 8,343 km (including 65 km of expressways)
unpaved: 8,094 km (1997 est.)

Waterways: 320 km perennially navigable

Ports & Harbors: Haapsalu, Kunda, Muuga, Paldiski, Parnu, Tallinn

Location: Northern Europe, island group between the Norwegian Sea and the north Atlantic Ocean, about one-half of the way from Iceland to Norway

Language: Faroese (derived from Old Norse), Danish

Currency: 1 Danish krone (DKr) = 100 oere

Population: 41,059

Natural Hazards: NA

Import: machinery and transport equipment 17.0%, consumer
goods 33%, raw materials and semi-manufactures 26.9%, fuels 11.4%, fish and salt 6.7%

Export: fish and fish products 92%, animal feedstuffs, transport equipment (ships)

Industries: fishing, shipbuilding, construction, handicrafts

Transportation:
Railways: 0 km

Highways:
total: 458 km
paved: 450 km
unpaved: 8 km (1995 est.)

Ports & Harbors: Torshavn, Klaksvik, Tvoroyri, Runavik, Fuglafjorour

Location: Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, and Gulf of Finland, between Sweden and Russia

Language: Finnish 93.5% (official), Swedish 6.3% (official), small Lapp- and Russian-speaking minorities

Currency: 1 markka (FMk) or Finmark = 100 pennia

Population: 5,158,372

Natural Hazards: NA

Import: foodstuffs, petroleum and petroleum products,
chemicals, transport equipment, iron and steel, machinery, textile yarn and fabrics, fodder grains

Export: machinery and equipment, chemicals, metals; timber,
paper, and pulp

Industries: metal products, shipbuilding, pulp and paper, copper refining, foodstuffs, chemicals, textiles, clothing

Transportation:
Railways:
total: 5,859 km
broad gauge: 5,859 km 1.524-m gauge (2,073 km electrified; 480 km double-
or more-track) (1996)

Highways:
total: 77,796 km
paved: 49,789 km (including 444 km of expressways)
unpaved: 28,007 km (1997 est.)

Waterways: 6,675 km total (including Saimaa Canal); 3,700 km suitable for
steamers

Ports & Harbors: Hamina, Helsinki, Kokkola, Kotka, Loviisa, Oulu, Pori, Rauma, Turku, Uusikaupunki, Varkaus

Location: Western Europe, bordering the Bay of Biscay and English Channel, between Belgium and Spain southeast of the UK; bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Italy and Spain

Language: French 100%, rapidly declining regional dialects and languages (Provencal, Breton, Alsatian, Corsican, Catalan, Basque, Flemish)

Currency: 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes

Population: 58,978,172

Natural Hazards: flooding; avalanches

Import: crude oil, machinery and equipment, agricultural products, chemicals, iron and steel products

Export: machinery and transportation equipment, chemicals,
foodstuffs, agricultural products, iron and steel products, textiles and clothing

Industries: steel, machinery, chemicals, automobiles, metallurgy, aircraft, electronics, mining, textiles, food processing, tourism

Transportation:
Railways:
total: 32,027 km ( 31,940 km are operated by French National Railways (SNCF);
13,803 km of SNCF routes are electrified and 12,132 km are double- or
multiple-tracked)
standard gauge: 31,928 km 1.435-m gauge
narrow gauge: 99 km 1.000-m gauge
note: does not include 33 tourist railroads, totaling 469 km, many being of very
narrow gauge (1996)

Highways:
total: 892,900 km
paved: 892,900 km (including 9,900 km of expressways)
unpaved: 0 km (1997 est.)

Waterways: 14,932 km; 6,969 km heavily traveled

Ports & Harbors: Bordeaux, Boulogne, Cherbourg, Dijon, Dunkerque, La Pallice, Le Havre, Lyon, Marseille, Mullhouse, Nantes, Paris, Rouen, Saint Nazaire, Saint Malo, Strasbourg

Location: Central Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, between the Netherlands and Poland, south of Denmark

Language: German

Currency: 1 deutsche mark (DM) = 100 pfennige

Population: 82,087,361

Natural Hazards: flooding

Import: machinery 22%, vehicles 10%, chemicals 9%, foodstuffs 8%, textiles, metals (1997)

Export: machinery 31%, vehicles 17%, chemicals 13%, metals and manufactures, foodstuffs, textiles (1997)

Industries: western: among world's largest and technologically advanced producers
of iron, steel, coal, cement, chemicals, machinery, vehicles, machine tools, electronics, food and beverages; eastern: metal fabrication, chemicals, brown coal, shipbuilding, machine building, food and beverages, textiles, petroleum refining

Transportation: Railways:
total: 46,300 km including 18,866 km electrified and 14,768 km double- or
multiple-tracked (1996)
note: since privatization in 1994, Deutsche Bahn AG (DBAG) no longer publishes
details of the tracks it owns; in addition to the DBAG system there are 102 privately
owned railway companies which own an approximate 3,000 km to 4,000 km of the total tracks

Highways:
total: 656,074 km
paved: 650,169 km (including 11,309 km of expressways)
unpaved: 5,905 km all-weather (1997 est.)

Waterways: 7,467 km (1997); major rivers include the Rhine and Elbe; Kiel Canal
is an important connection between the Baltic Sea and North Sea

Ports & Harbors: Berlin, Bonn, Brake, Bremen, Bremerhaven, Cologne, Dresden, Duisburg, Emden, Hamburg, Karlsruhe, Kiel, Lubeck, Magdeburg, Mannheim, Rostock, Stuttgart

Location: Southwestern Europe, bordering the Strait of Gibraltar, which links the Mediterranean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, on the southern coast of Spain

Language: English (used in schools and for official purposes), Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Russian

Currency: 1 Gibraltar pound (£G) = 100 pence

Population: 29,165

Natural Hazards: NA

Import: fuels, manufactured goods, and foodstuffs

Export: petroleum 51%, manufactured
goods 41%, other 8%

Industries: tourism, banking and finance, ship-building and repairing; support to large UK naval and air bases; tobacco, mineral water, beer, canned fish

Transportation:
Railways:
total: NA km; 1.000-m gauge system in dockyard area only

Highways:
total: 49.9 km
paved: 49.9 km
unpaved: 0 km

Ports & Harbors: Gibraltar

Location: Southern Europe, bordering the Aegean Sea, Ionian Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea, between Albania and Turkey

Language: Greek (official), English, French

Currency: 1 drachma (Dr) = 100 lepta

Population: 10,707,135

Natural Hazards: severe earthquakes

Import: manufactured goods, foodstuffs, fuels, chemicals

Export: manufactured goods, foodstuffs, fuels

Industries: tourism; food and tobacco processing, textiles; chemicals, metal products; mining, petroleum

Transportation:
Railways:
total: 2,548 km
standard gauge: 1,565 km 1.435-m gauge (36 km electrified; 23 km double track)

narrow gauge: 961 km 1.000-m gauge; 22 km 0.750-m gauge (a rack type
railway for steep grades)

Highways:
total: 117,000 km
paved: 107,406 km (including 470 km of expressways)
unpaved: 9,594 km (1996 est.)

Waterways: 80 km; system consists of three coastal canals; including the Corinth
Canal (6 km) which crosses the Isthmus of Corinth connecting the Gulf of Corinth
with the Saronic Gulf and shortens the sea voyage from the Adriatic to Peiraiefs
(Piraeus) by 325 km; and three unconnected rivers

Ports & Harbors: Alexandroupolis, Elefsis, Irakleion (Crete), Kavala, Kerkyra, Chalkis, Igoumenitsa, Lavrion, Patrai, Peiraiefs (Piraeus), Thessaloniki, Volos

Location: Western Europe, islands in the English Channel, northwest of France

Language: English, French, Norman-French dialect spoken in country districts

Currency: 1 Guernsey (£G) pound = 100 pence

Population: 65,386

Natural Hazards: NA

Import: coal, gasoline, oil, machinery and equipment

Export: tomatoes, flowers and ferns, sweet peppers, eggplant, other vegetables

Industries: tourism, banking

Transportation:
Railways: 0 km

Highways:
total: NA km
paved: NA km
unpaved: NA km

Ports & Harbors: Saint Peter Port, Saint Sampson

Location: Central Europe, northwest of Romania

Language: Hungarian 98.2%, other 1.8%

Currency: 1 forint (Ft) = 100 filler

Population: 0,186,372

Natural Hazards: NA

Import: machinery and equipment 46.5%, other manufactures
40.2%, fuels and electricity 6.6%, agricultural and food products 3.7%, raw materials 3.0% (1998)

Export: machinery and equipment 51.9%, other manufactures
32.7%, agriculture and food products 10.5%, raw materials 2.9%, fuels and electricity 1.9% (1998)

Industries: mining, metallurgy, construction materials, processed foods, textiles, chemicals (especially pharmaceuticals), motor vehicles

Transportation:
Railways:
total: 7,606 km
broad gauge: 36 km 1.524-m gauge
standard gauge: 7,394 km 1.435-m gauge (2,207 km electrified; 1,236 km double
track)
narrow gauge: 176 km 0.760-m gauge (1996)
note: Hungary and Austria jointly manage the cross-border standard-gauge railway
between Gyor, Sopron, Ebenfurt (Gyor-Sopron-Ebenfurti Vasut Rt) a distance of
about 101 km in Hungary and 65 km in Austria

Highways:
total: 188,203 km
paved: 81,680 km (including 438 km of expressways)
unpaved: 106,523 km (1997 est.)

Waterways: 1,622 km (1988)

Ports & Harbors: Budapest, Dunaujvaros